[liberationtech] Hacking Team and the Targeting of Ethiopian Journalists
Morgan Marquis-Boire
morgan.marquisboire at gmail.com
Fri Feb 14 09:30:45 PST 2014
Thanks Frank,
Thanks for the kind words. The ubiquitous targeting of journalists is very
concerning.
I've got an upcoming BlackHat talk you might find interesting - "Tomorrow's
News is Today's Intel: Journalists as Targets and Compromise Vectors" -
http://www.blackhat.com/asia-14/briefings.html#Boire
-Morgan
On Thu, Feb 13, 2014 at 6:47 AM, <frank at journalistsecurity.net> wrote:
> Ron, Bill, Claudio, Morgan and John,
>
> Congratulations. This is an invaluable report for Ethiopia and beyond.
> We'll put in to good use. Thank you!
>
> Best, Frank
>
> Frank Smyth
> Executive Director
> Global Journalist Security
> frank at journalistsecurity.net
> Tel. + 1 202 244 0717Cell + 1 202 352 1736
> Twitter: @JournoSecurity
> Website: www.journalistsecurity.net
> PGP Public Key 92861E6B
>
>
> > -------- Original Message --------
> > Subject: [liberationtech] Hacking Team and the Targeting of Ethiopian
> > Journalists
> > From: Ronald Deibert <r.deibert at utoronto.ca>
> > Date: Wed, February 12, 2014 12:01 pm
> > To: Liberation Technologies <liberationtech at mailman.stanford.edu>
> >
> >
> > Hello LibTech
> >
> > On behalf of the Citizen Lab, I am pleased to announce a new
> publication, details for which are below. This report is the first in a
> series that focus
> > on the global proliferation and use of Hacking Team's RCS spyware, sold
> exclusively to governments. More posts will follow in the next week.
> >
> > The report is authored by Bill Marczak, Claudio Guarnieri, Morgan
> Marquis-Boire, and John Scott-Railton. I'd like to draw attention to the
> innovative
> > mixed scanning methods developed in this post, around which a new field
> of research is emerging which I believe is going to be critical to the
> > type of distributed civil controls on the global spyware market.
> >
> > Regards
> > Ron
> >
> >
> https://citizenlab.org/2014/02/hackingteam-targeting-ethiopian-journalists/
> >
> >
> > Hacking Team and the Targeting of Ethiopian Journalists
> >
> > February 12, 2014
> >
> > Tagged: Ethiopia, Hacking Team
> >
> > Categories: News and Announcements, Reports and Briefings, Research News
> > Authors: Bill Marczak, Claudio Guarnieri, Morgan Marquis-Boire, and John
> Scott-Railton.
> >
> > This post is the first in a series of posts that focus on the global
> proliferation and use of Hacking Team's RCS spyware, sold exclusively to
> governments.
> >
> > Summary
> >
> > Ethiopian Satellite Television Service1 (ESAT) is an independent
> satellite television, radio, and online news media outlet run by members of
> the Ethiopian diaspora. The service has operations in Alexandria,
> Virginia, as well as several other countries.2 ESAT's broadcasts are
> frequently critical of the Ethiopian Government. Available in Ethiopia and
> around the world, ESAT has been subjected to jamming from within Ethiopia
> several times in the past few years.3 A recent documentary shown on
> Ethiopian state media warned opposition parties against participating in
> ESAT programming.4
> > In the space of two hours on 20 December 2013, an attacker made three
> separate attempts to target two ESAT employees with sophisticated computer
> spyware, designed to steal files and passwords, and intercept Skype calls
> and instant messages. The spyware communicated with an IP address
> belonging to Ariave Satcom, a satellite provider that services Africa,
> Europe, and Asia.5 In each case, the spyware appeared to be Remote Control
> System (RCS), sold exclusively to governments by Milan-based Hacking Team.6
> > Hacking Team states that they do not sell RCS to "repressive regimes",7
> and that RCS is not sold through "independent agents".8 Hacking Team also
> says that all sales are reviewed by a board that includes outside engineers
> and lawyers. The board has veto power over any sale.9 Before authorizing
> a sale, the company states that it considers "credible government or
> non-government reports reflecting that a potential customer could use
> surveillance technologies to facilitate human rights abuses," as well as
> "due process requirements" for surveillance.10
> > The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) reports that Ethiopia jails
> more journalists than any other African country besides Eritrea, and says
> that the Ethiopian government has shut down more than 75 media outlets
> since 1993.11 CPJ statistics also show that 79 journalists have been
> forced to flee Ethiopia due to threats and intimidation over the past
> decade, more than any other country in the world.12 A 2013 Human Rights
> Watch (HRW) report detailed ongoing torture at Ethiopia's Maekelawi
> detention center, the first stop for arrested journalists and protests
> organizers. Former detainees described how they were: "repeatedly slapped,
> kicked, punched, and beaten," and hung from the ceiling by their wrists.
> Information extracted in confession has been used to obtain conviction at
> trial, and to compel former detainees to work with the government.13 HRW
> also indicated abuses committed by the army, including the use of torture
> and rape to compel information from villagers near the site of an attack on
> a farm.14 HRW noted "insufficient respect for ... due process" in Ethiopia.15
> >
> > Background
> >
> > Hacking Team and Remote Control System (RCS)
> >
> > Hacking Team, also known as HT S.r.l., is a Milan-based purveyor of
> "offensive technology" to governments around the world. One of their
> products, known as Remote Control System (RCS), is a trojan that is sold
> exclusively to intelligence and law enforcement agencies worldwide.
> Hacking Team's website describes the product as "the solution" to monitor
> targets that are increasingly using encryption, or those located outside
> the borders of the government that wants to monitor them.16
> >
> > Description of RCS in a 2011 official brochure.17
> >
> > RCS infects a target's computer or mobile phone to intercept data before
> it is encrypted for transmission, and can also intercept data that is never
> transmitted. For example, it can copy files from a computer's hard disk,
> and can also record Skype calls, e-mails, instant messages, and passwords
> typed into a web browser.18 Furthermore, RCS can turn on a device's webcam
> and microphone to spy on the user.19
> >
> > While Hacking Team claims to potential clients that RCS can be used for
> mass surveillance of "hundreds of thousands of targets",20public statements
> by Hacking Team emphasize RCS's potential use as a targeted tool for
> fighting crime and terrorism.21
> >
> > Hacking Team was first thrust into the public spotlight in 2012 when RCS
> was used against award-winning Moroccan media outlet Mamfakinch,22 and UAE
> human rights activist Ahmed Mansoor, who was pardoned23 after serving seven
> months in prison for signing an online pro-democracy petition.24 Mansoor
> was infected, his GMail password was stolen, and his e-mails were
> downloaded.25 At the same time, RCS is apparently being used by foreign
> governments to target individuals on US soil.26,27
> >
> > Evidence of the use of RCS against journalists and activists led
> Reporters Without Borders to name Hacking Team as one of the five
> "Corporate Enemies of the Internet".28 Hacking Team Senior Counsel Eric
> Rabe responded with a defense of his company's sales practices, in which he
> stated that Hacking Team does not provide its products to "repressive"
> regimes.29
> >
> > On the issue of repressive regimes, Hacking Team goes to great lengths
> to assure that our software is not sold to governments that are blacklisted
> by the E.U., the U.S.A., NATO and similar international organizations or
> any "repressive" regime.
> >
> > "Repressive" is a subjective term that may be difficult to define. We
> instead look to a selection of publications that rank countries based on
> freedom and democracy using a methodology. For example, The Economist
> publishes a Democracy Index,30 which rates governments around the world on
> a spectrum from "full democracies" to "authoritarian regimes." Reporters
> Without Borders also publishes a yearly Press Freedom Index, which ranks
> countries' press freedom situations from "good" to "very serious".31
> >
> > Ethiopia and Ethiopian Satellite Television Service (ESAT)
> >
> > The Economist ranks Ethiopia as an "authoritarian regime," and Reporters
> Without Borders classifies it as a country where there is a "difficult
> situation" for journalists. Human Rights Watch calls Ethiopia's press law
> "deeply flawed," and notes that several award-winning journalists have been
> convicted under the law for exercising their right to freedom of
> expression, as part of a government crackdown on independent media.32
> >
> > Journalists jailed under the law include Eskinder Nega, who was
> convicted of terrorism in 2012 in a case following the publication of his
> column that criticized the government's detention of journalists.33 Nega
> won the 2012 PEN America Freedom to Write Award, and was hailed by the
> group as of the "bravest and most admirable of writers, one who picked up
> his pen to write things that he knew would surely put him at grave risk".34
> Nega is currently serving an 18 year sentence in prison, having "[fallen]
> victim to exactly the measures he was highlighting".35 In a May 2013
> letter from prison, he wrote, "I will live to see the light at the end of
> the tunnel. It may or may not be a long wait. Whichever way events may go,
> I shall persevere!"36
> >
> > ESAT describes itself as "powered by broad-based collective of exiled
> journalists, human rights advocates, civic society leaders and members in
> the Diaspora." Available in Ethiopia around the world, ESAT's television
> and radio signals have been subjected to jamming from within Ethiopia
> several times in the past few years.37
> >
> > Previous research by the Citizen Lab found a version of the FinFisher
> government spyware that used a picture of members of Ethiopian opposition
> group Ginbot 7 as bait, indicating politically-motivated targeting. That
> spyware communicated with a command and control server in Ethiopia.38
> >
> >
> > First Targeting Attempt
> >
> > First, the ESATSTUDIO Skype account was targeted with spyware. This
> account is used by ESAT for on-air interviews. The individual operating
> the ESATSTUDIO account at the time was an ESAT employee in Belgium,
> responsible for managing ESAT's satellite broadcasts. An individual
> identified as "Yalfalkenu Meches" (Skype: yalfalkenu1) sent a file to
> ESATSTUDIO entitled "An Article for ESAT.rar." We use Skype logs provided
> by the targets to illustrate the attacks.
> >
> > This .rar file contained an .exe file disguised as a .pdf. The file
> used the Adobe PDF icon, and contained a large number of spaces between the
> name and extension, to prevent Windows from displaying the extension.
> >
> >
> > Left: How the file was rendered in Windows; Right: Windows file
> properties dialog
> >
> > Despite the file's name, "An Article for ESAT," the file did not display
> any such article, or any other content, when opened.
> >
> >
> > Analysis and Link to Hacking Team RCS
> >
> > Summary
> >
> > The file sent to ESAT appeared to be Hacking Team's RCS spyware for the
> following two reasons:
> >
> > The file communicated with a server that returned two SSL certificates.
> The second certificate was issued by "RCS Certification Authority" / "HT
> srl", and was similar to SSL certificates returned by two other servers
> apparently owned by Hacking Team. The first certificate was similar to
> certificates returned by two other servers that appeared to be
> demonstration servers for Hacking Team's RCS spyware.
> > The file matched a signature that we had previously developed for RCS
> spyware.
> > Detailed Analysis
> >
> > The hash of the file was:
> >
> > sha256:
> 4a53db7b98aa000aeaa72d6a44004ef9ed3b6c09dd04a3e6015b62d741de3437
> > sha1: b7438e699dd54f8b56fc779c1b8b08b1943d9892
> > md5: 53a9e1b59ff37cc2aeff0391cc546201
> > Shortly after opening the .exe file, it attempted to communicate with
> the server 46.4.69.25 on port 80.
> >
> > inetnum: 46.4.69.0 - 46.4.69.31
> > netname: HETZNER-RZ14
> > descr: Hetzner Online AG
> > descr: Datacenter 14
> > country: DE
> > We probed the server and noticed that it returned two self-signed SSL
> certificates:39
> >
> > Issuer Subject Fingerprint
> > /CN=default /CN=server a7c0eacd845a7a433eca76f7d42fc3fedf1bde3c
> > /CN=RCS Certification Authority /O=HT srl /CN=RCS Certification
> Authority /O=HT srl 6500c243015a6ecc59f1272fec38eb0065d22063
> > The second certificate is issued by "RCS Certification Authority" / "HT
> srl".Hacking Team refers to their spyware as "RCS," and identifies itself
> as "HT S.r.l." on its website:
> >
> > To confirm our hypothesis that these certificates were associated with
> Hacking Team, we searched historical SSL certificate data released by the
> Internet Census40 (443-TCP_SSLSessionReq) and by the University of
> Michigan's zmap project.41 We found two servers returning the "RCS
> Certification Authority" / "HT srl" certificate that were in the following
> range:
> >
> > inetnum: 93.62.139.32 - 93.62.139.47
> > netname: FASTWEB-HT
> > descr: HT public subnet
> > country: IT
> > person: GIANCARLO RUSSO
> > address: VIA DELLA MOSCOVA 13
> > address: MILANO MI
> > address: IT
> > phone: +39 0229060603
> > The address and phone number on the range matches those on Hacking
> Team's website. A Giancarlo Russo is listed as the COO of Hacking Team on
> LinkedIn.42 Thus, we believe that Hacking Team controls this range of IP
> addresses.
> >
> > The two servers in this range that returned similar certificates to the
> server in the ESAT spyware were:
> >
> > 93.62.139.39 on 6/28/2012:
> >
> > Issuer Subject Fingerprint
> > /CN=RCS Certification Authority /O=HT srl /CN=rcs-castore
> deee895bf1f68e97cb997d929e0f991ecec6ab29
> > /CN=RCS Certification Authority /O=HT srl /CN=RCS Certification
> Authority /O=HT srl 1e8e8806aa605544cda2bbb906b5d0cc7fb6fff7
> > 93.62.139.42 on 8/12/2012:
> >
> > Issuer Subject Fingerprint
> > /CN=RCS Certification Authority /O=HT srl /CN=rcs-polluce
> 277fdf33df7baca54ce8336982db865d9f38f514
> > /CN=RCS Certification Authority /O=HT srl /CN=RCS Certification
> Authority /O=HT srl e8d5f17d142768abe2ed835d5a61d99602ab082b
> > Because these IP addresses were registered to Hacking Team, we believe
> that the presence of a certificate apparently issued by "RCS Certification
> Authority" / "HT srl" is indicative of a server for Hacking Team's RCS
> spyware. The Internet Census (443-TCP_SSLSessionReq) also recorded two
> instances of a server returning a certificate that matched the "default" /
> "server" certificate returned by the server in the ESAT spyware, along with
> an incomplete certificate for "rcs-demo.hackingteam.it". This server was
> used by an RCS spyware sample found in VirusTotal.43 This certificate was
> returned by 168.144.159.167 on 12/14/2012, and by 94.199.243.39 on
> 12/14/2012. This is a further indication that the server in the spyware
> targeting ESAT is a Hacking Team RCS server.
> >
> > The file itself also matched a signature we had previously developed for
> RCS spyware.
> >
> >
> > Second Attempt
> >
> > The target did not open the first file ("An Article for ESAT.exe"), and
> complained to Yalfalkenu that the file was an .exe application. Yalfalkenu
> responded that he had received the file from a friend.
> >
> >
> >
> > Yalfalkenu also said that he opened the .exe file and it "worked fine."
> However, despite the file's name, "An Article for ESAT," the file did not
> display any such article, or any other content, when opened.
> >
> >
> >
> > Yalfalkenu followed up by sending ESATSTUDIO a Word document.
> >
> >
> >
> > Analysis and Link to Hacking Team RCS
> >
> > The Word document was:
> >
> > sha256:
> 5bde4288c11f0701b54398ffeeddb4d6882d91b3e34bf76b1e250b8fc46be11d
> > sha1: 057675f8dfda0f44a695ec18a5211ff4e68a1873
> > md5: 8df850088e2324d5c89615be32bd8a35
> > As with the previous file, opening this file did not result in any bait
> content being displayed. A user who opened the file saw a blank Word
> document, which quickly closed itself.
> >
> > The document exploited a bug in Microsoft Windows (CVE-2012-015844) to
> run a program that downloaded and executed a file:
> 216.118.232.254/svchst.exe. An update to Windows available since April
> 2012 fixes this bug.45 The IP address 216.118.232.254 belongs to Ariave
> Satcom, a satellite provider that services Africa, Europe, and Asia.46
> >
> > Private Customer VSC-ARIAVE (NET-216-118-232-0-1) 216.118.232.0 -
> 216.118.232.255
> > VSC Satellite Co. VSC-IPOWN1 (NET-216-118-224-0-1) 216.118.224.0 -
> 216.118.255.255
> > We downloaded svchst.exe:
> >
> > sha256:
> bc68c8d86f2522fb4c58c6f482c5cacb284e5ef803d41a63142677855934d969
> > sha1: b341cc1c299c07624814f35a35a4d505e65d3b67
> > md5: 015c238d56b8657c0946ec45b131362a
> > Like the first file, the file communicated with 46.4.69.25. This file
> also matched our signature for RCS spyware. For the same reasons as the
> first file, this file appears to be Hacking Team RCS spyware.
> >
> >
> > Third Attempt
> >
> > An hour and a half later on the same day,47 Yalfalkenu targeted another
> ESAT employee, this time based in their Northern Virginia offices.
> >
> >
> >
> > The document was:
> >
> > sha256:
> 8f9a6ae6aa56e12596d02c864998b4373a96d3f788195db3601b6e3ec54a99fb
> > sha1: c384ca066fe0145455f14976c0ecf8a817a30f86
> > md5: daa5912d4ca0e4a143378947ef329374
> > Like the second file, the document also exploited the CVE-2012-0158 bug,
> but had two main differences. First, the document actually displayed bait
> content -- a copy of this article.48 Second, instead of downloading a file
> from a server, the document contained an embedded file, which it copied as
> CyHidWin.exe. We extracted the file and analyzed it:
> >
> > sha256:
> d30bc31d6ad75de20aa3a45d338298030dc9136ba94aee93b4843e279fa3d59c
> > sha1: 4f8b2f1071870b9d03f3bb341cf9523b0574d8f6
> > md5: c5cfa1afd5d3148a0d33fc1940ea1a37
> > As in the previous two files, the file communicated with 46.4.69.25.
> This file also matched our signature for RCS spyware. For the same
> reasons as the first two files, this file appears to be Hacking Team RCS
> spyware.
> >
> >
> > Epilogue
> >
> > After the first two targeting attempts, we alerted ESAT that Yalfalkenu
> Meches was trying to target them with spyware. On the third attempt, the
> targeted user confronted Yalfalkenu, who again professed that he had
> received the file from a friend.
> >
> >
> >
> > Yalfalkenu also expressed puzzlement about how opening a Word document
> could infect a computer, and said that he was a victim.
> >
> >
> >
> > We talked to employees of ESAT, who said that Yalfalkenu used to
> collaborate with them, but then he "disappeared for a while." It is
> possible that someone else is now using Yalfalkenu's account.
> >
> > Links to Other Spyware
> >
> > Our scans indicated that the following other servers were likely being
> run by the same attacker that targeted ESAT, and were also likely Hacking
> Team RCS servers:
> >
> > IP First Seen Last Seen Provider Country
> > 109.200.22.160 7/25/2012 8/10/2012 Delamere Services
> UK
> > 109.200.22.161 7/25/2012 8/12/2012 Delamere Services
> UK
> > 109.200.22.162 10/14/2012 1/13/2014 Delamere Services
> UK
> > 109.200.22.163 10/13/2012 1/13/2014 Delamere Services
> UK
> > 176.74.178.45 10/30/2013 1/13/2014 Infinite Dimension
> Solutions UK
> > 176.74.178.119 7/25/2012 8/12/2012 Infinite Dimension
> Solutions UK
> > 176.74.178.120 7/25/2012 8/12/2012 Infinite Dimension
> Solutions UK
> > 176.74.178.202 10/13/2012 1/13/2014 Infinite Dimension
> Solutions UK
> > 176.74.178.203 10/18/2012 1/13/2014 Infinite Dimension
> Solutions UK
> > 46.166.162.147 5/16/2013 8/11/2013 Santrex SC
> > 69.60.98.203 5/16/2013 Active Serverpronto US
> > 216.118.232.245 11/18/2013 Active Ariave Satcom ??
> > We note that the "RCS Certification Authority" / "HT srl" SSL
> certificates returned by these servers were issued on 5/8/2012. Based on
> this date, we estimate that the attacker who targeted ESAT has been using
> Hacking Team's RCS spyware since May 2012, or earlier.
> >
> > We found the following sample in VirusTotal that matched our signature
> for Hacking Team RCS spyware. The sample used 46.166.162.147 as a command
> and control server. Thus, we believe the attackers were the same, though
> we have no indication as to who they may have targeted:
> >
> > sha256:
> 9577aabf5e31af1409e2abe8c29ac918d7f8784dec75b4088a60fce6a45e9fc7
> > sha1: 0e326c39c91efeff1d045bec3c7e7c38405d0430
> > md5: c17e788e28d47891f94c64739ee7fffb
> >
> > Conclusion
> >
> > In this report, we identified three instances where Ethiopian journalist
> group ESAT was targeted with spyware in the space of two hours by a single
> attacker. In each case the spyware appeared to be RCS (Remote Control
> System), programmed and sold exclusively to governments by Milan-based
> Hacking Team. While Hacking Team and other "lawful intercept" spyware
> vendors purport to practice effective self-regulation, this case seems to
> be part of a broader pattern of government abuse of such spyware. "Lawful
> intercept" spyware has also apparently been abused to target Bahraini
> activists, Moroccan journalists, critics of the Turkish Government, and
> Emirati human rights activists.
> >
> >
> > Acknowledgements
> >
> > Thanks to Eva Galperin, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and ESAT.
> >
> >
> > Footnotes
> >
> > 1 http://ethsat.com/
> > 2 http://ethsat.com/about-us/
> > 3
> http://ethsat.com/2011/10/08/esat-accuses-china-of-complicity-in-jamming-signals/
> > 4
> http://ethsat.com/2014/01/09/udj-says-expressing-opinion-to-media-is-not-terror/
> > 5 https://web.archive.org/web/20130723051052/http://ariave.com/tech.htm
> > 6 http://hackingteam.it/index.php/customer-policy
> > 7
> http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57573707-38/meet-the-corporate-enemies-of-the-internet-for-2013/
> > 8
> http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2013/12/11/nota/1901271/firma-hacking-team-fue-contactada-estado-ecuatoriano
> > 9
> http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hacking-team-murky-world-state-sponsored-spying-445507
> > 10 http://hackingteam.it/index.php/customer-policy
> > 11
> http://www.cpj.org/2013/11/ethiopia-arrests-2-journalists-from-independent-pa.php
> > 12 http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/ethiopia
> > 13 http://www.hrw.org/node/119814/section/2
> > 14 http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/ethiopia?page=3
> > 15 ibid.
> > 16 http://hackingteam.it/index.php/remote-control-system
> > 17
> http://wikileaks.org/spyfiles/docs/hackingteam/147_remote-control-system.html
> > 18 https://www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792290/Spyware_HackingTeam
> > 19
> http://www.theverge.com/2013/9/13/4723610/meet-hacking-team-the-company-that-helps-police-hack-into-computers
> > 20 ibid.
> > 21 http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15868
> > 22 http://slate.me/1eSTeUF
> > 23
> http://en.rsf.org/united-arab-emirates-ahmed-mansoor-and-four-other-pro-28-11-2011,41477.html
> > 24 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13043270
> > 25
> https://citizenlab.org/2012/10/backdoors-are-forever-hacking-team-and-the-targeting-of-dissent/
> > 26
> http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/06/spy-tool-sold-to-governments/
> > 27 https://twitter.com/csoghoian/status/298899565388644352
> > 28 http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/category/corporate-enemies/
> > 29
> http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57573707-38/meet-the-corporate-enemies-of-the-internet-for-2013/
> > 30
> https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex12
> > 31 https://en.rsf.org/IMG/jpg/2013_wpfi_world_press_freedom_map.jpg
> > 32
> http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/05/03/ethiopia-terrorism-law-decimates-media
> > 33 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17921950
> > 34
> http://www.pen.org/press-release/2012/04/12/top-pen-prize-honor-eskinder-nega-jailed-ethiopian-journalist-and-blogger
> > 35 ibid.
> > 36 https://www.amnesty.org/en/appeals-for-action/LWM2013-Ethiopia
> > 37
> http://ethsat.com/2011/10/08/esat-accuses-china-of-complicity-in-jamming-signals/
> > 38
> https://citizenlab.org/2013/03/you-only-click-twice-finfishers-global-proliferation-2/
> > 39 This can be verified by consulting the Sonar SSL scans (
> https://scans.io/study/sonar.ssl) between 10/30/2013 and 1/13/2014.
> > 40 http://internetcensus2012.bitbucket.org/paper.html
> > 41 https://scans.io/study/umich-https
> > 42 http://it.linkedin.com/pub/giancarlo-russo/2/2a9/589
> > 43
> https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/81e9647a3371568cddd0a4db597de8423179773d910d9a7b3d945cb2c3b7e1c2/analysis/
> > 44 http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-0158
> > 45 http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/ms12-027
> > 46 https://web.archive.org/web/20130723051052/http://ariave.com/tech.htm
> > 47 On 20 December 2013, Belgium's time zone was 6 hours ahead of
> Northern Virginia's.
> > 48 The article quotes the former head of Ethiopia's Amhara region
> (Ayalew Gobeze) as denying that he was demoted or fired for failing to sign
> a border demarcation agreement between Sudan and Ethiopia. Ayalew is quoted
> as saying that members of the Ethiopian diaspora concocted the story, and
> refers to them as "taxi drivers" and "jobless".
> >
> > Ronald Deibert
> > Director, the Citizen Lab
> > and the Canada Centre for Global Security Studies
> > Munk School of Global Affairs
> > University of Toronto
> > (416) 946-8916
> > PGP: http://deibert.citizenlab.org/pubkey.txt
> > http://deibert.citizenlab.org/
> > twitter.com/citizenlab
> > r.deibert at utoronto.ca<hr>--
> > Liberationtech is public & archives are searchable on Google. Violations
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> --
> Liberationtech is public & archives are searchable on Google. Violations
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>
--
Seek not the favor of the multitude; it is seldom got by honest and lawful
means. But seek the testimony of few; and number not voices, but weigh them
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